A Decrease font size. Ray DJ: Bering Strait Eskimo. Since caribou ate mostly lichens, the meat was very lean [193]. Siberian Yupik used the meat as both a secular and sacrificial food and used the hide to make hooded parkas for men and winter boots for women; the hair was used to make embroidery thread for men’s belts [40]. Kingston/Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press; 1986. Boreal caribou, also called woodland caribou, which are relatively stationary, migrating very short distances [117], was an important animal for the Lillooet, Wet’suwet’en, Gitksan (Gitxsan), Hare (Sahtu), Slave (Sahtu), Mountain (Sahtu), Loucheux (Gwich’in), Kaska, Tutchone, Han, Nahani, Inuit (including those of Belcher Island), Anishnabeg Ojibway (Anishinabek), Montagnais-Naskapi (Innu), Western Woods Cree and Red Earth Cree [4, 11, 13, 18, 28, 44, 56, 60, 120, 143, 191, 192, 202, 207-212]. Edited by Hill-Tout C. London: Archibald Constable; 1907: 89-108. George P, Berkes F, Preston RJ: Aboriginal Land Use and Harvesting in the Moose River Basin: A Historical and Contemporary Analysis. Some cultures believed that migratory caribou were under the control of a master and would not be killed unless their master released them and gave hunters permission to use his animals [11, 120, 162, 198]. Brunton BB: Kootenai. edn. Often Indigenous Peoples living inland who did not have ready access to marine animals depended more heavily on caribou [94, 95]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1969. The Kutenai (Kootenai) hunted mountain caribou individually since there was no great difficulty involved [214]. edn. Their liver must never be eaten, though, even when cooked, for it is so rich in vitamins as to be toxic both to men and dogs.. 84. Eidlitz K: Food and Emergency Food in the Circumpolar Area. 57. Although provincial hunting regulations varied greatly, Indigenous Peoples were generally free to hunt caribou for their own purposes and sell a small amount of meat [11]. Nowadays, the Inuit people of Alaska, known as Eskimos, incorporate both traditional and modern components into their lifestyle. 62. 143. Edited by Damas D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Edited by Helm J. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1981: 217-222. Far North Food Edited by Helm J. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1981: 285-286. Jenness D: The Carrier Indians of the Bulky River, Their Social and Religious Life. request additional persmission for non-commercial purposes the Caribou - male Boreal caribou, left; female (center) and male (right) migratory caribou. In: Explorations in the Far North. Drying is a method of food preservation that inhibits the growth of microorganisms in food. edn. The Vanta Kutchin made short caribou antler spears, so they did not break or bend and could be pulled out easily. Several herds of migratory Alaska-Yukon caribou traveled unpredictable migration routes, making hunting a challenge [20]. In fact, most hunting strategies became obsolete after rifles were introduced [9, 60, 75, 122, 136]. edn. Blades that were most likely used for caribou hunting were also found at Norton sites [105]. The Carrier hunted mountain caribou in small family groups in winter [126]. The introduction of guns was reported to have resulted in an expanded hunting season for some Inuit, from what was once a seasonal activity to what became a year-round activity [183]. Although the Dogrib and Beaver hunted boreal caribou as well, it was not as important as other land mammals [85, 213]. 127. Stevenson MG: Animals Hunted. 206. edn. The caribou in Northern Ontario and Quebec migrated further north in spring to feed and Inuit moved south at this time to meet them. Hunting strategies were determined by time of year. 49. Kirk R: Daily Life. The animal lived in small isolated groups making it more difficult to hunt than large sea mammals [26]. A Reset font size. 11. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. The Anahem Chilcotin moved north in fall, and the Cree traveled inland in winter to hunt caribou [61, 111]. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5: Arctic. Their fur is dense, with a woolly undercoat and long, hollow guard hairs, and covers them from the tip of their nose to the underside of their feet, providing excellent insulation in air and buoyancy in water. Hull, Quebec: National Musems of Canada; 1988. 110. Caribou droppings were used to make soup by the Chipewyan who considered this dish a delicacy [130, 163]. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. These methods were sometimes more efficient than communal hunts because the meat was divided into larger portions [132]. New York & London: Garland Publishing Inc.; 1986: 433-443. Teit J: The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateau. In. Migrating herds of boreal caribou were large enough to drive into pre-constructed fences, enclosures, and bodies of water [215]. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. Many cultures such as the Shuswap, Kootenai, Tahltan, Inuit and Cree used the bow and arrow [6, 58, 61, 75, 108, 113, 122, 131, 138]. Speck FG: A Northern Algonquian Source Book. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press; 1973. In addition to a major food source, the migratory caribou was essential to make clothing, tents, sinew thread, bone needles, tools and daily objects [6, 11]. 136. Whale meat generally comes from the narwhal, beluga whale and the bowhead whale. In: Inuit, Whalers, and Cultural Persistence: Structure in Cumberland Sound and Central Inuit Social Organization. The Kutchin prepared the flesh by removing the head, slicing the animal along the abdomen and peeling off the skin, which was used as a blanket for butchering the meat in addition to retaining the blood. The Kutchin usually boiled or roasted the tongue, but it could also be dried [43]. Ottawa: National Musem of Man; 1979: 26-41. edn. Traps were often used in summer, but could be used any time of the year. In: The Material Culture of the Mistassini. The Mistissini and Montagnais used hunting charms to bring good luck. 102. Soc Sci Med 1987, 24(10):791-804. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 12: Plateau. Mountain caribou, found in western and northwestern mountainous regions, were important to several cultures, including the Lillooet [207], Kutenai (Kootenai), and Tutchone [29]. Edited by Helm J. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1981: 131-137. The traditional food or country food obtained by hunting and fishing is healthier and less costly than the store-bought food. Vaughan R: Birds and Arctic peoples. Women and children who drove animals into desired locations were known as “beaters” [137]. IV No. Giffen NM: Procuring Food. Toronto: Dundurn Press; 1994. Reindeer is reported to have been a main food source for Nganasan of Siberia, whose livelihood depended on the reindeer hunt [217] and it was a supplemental food source for Siberian Yupik and Greenland Inuit [218, 219]. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5: Arctic. In the fall, the caribou would gather in large herds to migrate south to better winterfeeding areas, making them easier to kill. St. Johns: Atlantic Archaeology Ltd.; 1992. The Upper Tanana did not intentionally smoke meat, but built smoky fires from rotten wood near drying meat to stop insects from getting to it [15]. In: Eskimos of Northwestern Alaska. Here you can see chef Anthony Bourdain eating raw seal with the Inuit. Ignace MB: Shuswap. The blood, a delicacy, was scooped with horn spoons or skin cups and eaten with the flesh [175]. edn. Tanner A: Bringing Home Animals: Religious Ideology and Mode of Production of the Mistassini Cree Hunters, vol. Bringing Inuit culture into primary schools for the International Polar Year, the EICC is a multi-media unit for grades 4-6 about Inuit culture, the Arctic and Canada’s newest territory, Nunavut.… Read more. The first way was to cook the meat and eat it fresh. Nevertheless, for the Nuiqsut Inupiat, Caribou Inuit, Chipewyan and others, regulations meant a dramatic change in their way of life [16, 73]. 108. Edited by Damas D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1984: 431-436. Gillespie B: Mountain Indians. The Koyukon and Chipewyan built communal caribou fences with the directions of a fence manager [33, 68]. edn. The Interior Northern Alaskan peoples traded caribou goods for coastal products with peoples that lived on the shore [96]. Caribou flesh and parts were consumed in a variety of ways: boiled, roasted, raw, frozen or dried [15, 20, 39, 43, 85, 95, 123, 139], with boiling and roasting the most common. In: People and Caribou in the Northwest Territories. Edited by Helm J. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1981: 481-484. Students will then discuss how the long-term daily weather averages begin to describe each climate. Harmon DW. Edited by Damas D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1984: 397-411. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 5: Arctic. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau; 1916. Wein EE, Freeman MMR, Makus JC: Use of and preference for traditional foods among the Belcher Island Inuit. Since very little vegetation could survive in the Arctic climate, the Inuit could not depend solely on plants for food. Inupiat hunters of Northwestern Alaska would return home to a big feast of caribou that would be boiled in a pot and given to every visitor [201]. Caribou meat was sometimes fed to dogs, used as bait to catch fish in the summer, or the livers were used by children to bait snares to catch birds [113, 136]. Edited by Damas D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1984: 528-538. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada In: The Social Economy of the Tlingit Indians. The Bella Coola (Nuxalk) traveled inland to get dried caribou meat from the Chilcotin [123, 169]. British Journal of Nutrition 1952, 6:69-82. A special knife that the Inuit used was called an 'ulu'. In: My Life with the Eskimo. 44. edn. 181. Ottawa: Northern Co-ordination and Research centre, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources; 1963: 26-29. Ottawa: Carleton University Press; 1992. Edited by Damas D. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1984: 463-475. The ends of the bones were reportedly also eaten. Generally, caribou are not as long-lived as other deer, with male caribou living five to eight years and females slightly longer. 104. 120. One source indicated that between 20 and 36 migratory caribou were required to cover the necessities for one family each year [6]. Prior to watching Qimuksik (Dog Team), students will complete a KWL Chart and will learn general information about Nunavut and the Inuit. : Department of Archaeology: Simon Fraser University; 1984. Edited by Walker DE, Jr. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution; 1998: 283-288. Tyrrell JW: Across the Sub-Arctic of Canada. Jenkins WH: Notes on the hunting economy of the Abitibi Indians. 34. In: Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6: Subarctic. For 1 month, they will collect and graph daily temperature and precipitation data at school and use the Internet to collect the same data for a community in Nunavut. 95. By 1976 caribou meat comprised only 5 percent of the total country food consumed by the Cree [80, 81]. Both the Dogrib and Yellowknives (Dene) were reported to be nomadic and followed the movements of caribou; however the Yellowknives pursued the herds into the tundra, whereas the Dogrib waited their return in winter [53, 110].The Slavey (Sahtu) took trips each year to find migratory caribou, which were located outside their territory [4, 6, 19, 85, 102, 171, 180, 190, 191, 198-201]. Food preservation techniques include fermenting fish and meat in the form of Igunaq, meaning that they bury meat and fat caught in the summer in the ground, like steaks, which then ferment over autumn and freeze over winter, ready for consumption the next year. Toronto: Coles Publishing Company; 1973. reprinted from the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 15, pt.

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