Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area. The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States, followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949. "The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War. Web. The effect was to end the Communist threat, and in 1952 both countries (Greece and Turkey) joined NATO, a military alliance that guaranteed their protection.[6]. In the third phase (1946–1949), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party (KKE) fought against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. Truman Library Public Papers, 12 March 1947. NSC-68 explicitly stated that the Communists planned for world domination. As the United States and the Soviet Union struggled to reach a balance of power during the Cold War that followed World War II, Great Britain announced that it could no longer afford to aid those Mediterranean countries, which the West feared were in danger of falling under Soviet influence. In 1950, Truman signed the top-secret policy plan NSC-68, which shifted foreign policy from passive to active containment. He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. This article was most recently revised and updated by, U.S. Department of State - Office of the Historian - Truman Doctrine. [17], "Special Message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: The Truman Doctrine." Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey, to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them. By presenting ideological differences in life or death terms, Truman was able to garner support for this communism-containing policy.

Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE, after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948. ? In March 1947, President Truman appeared before Congress and used Kennan's Containment policy as the basis for what became known as the Truman Doctrine.

Smith. Truman Doctrine APUSH 20th Century Exam Review: Foreign Policy Foreign Policy of the 20th Century Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1902) ?

The policy of containment was the backbone of the doctrine and worked through economic an… We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. 2010.

Establish a United Nations 2. "Kennan, 'Universalism,' and the Truman Doctrine,", Gaddis, John Lewis. A few days later, Churchill delivered his “Iron Curtain” speech about developments in Europe.[9]. [7] Truman himself had first become suspicious in dealing with the Soviets at the Potsdam Conference,[8] the Soviet reluctance to withdraw from Iran on schedule in early March 1946, reinforced his concern. [2] Historians often consider it as the start of the Cold War, and the start of the containment policy to stop Soviet expansion. In 1946-47, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. It echoed the "quarantine the aggressor" policy Franklin Delano Roosevelt sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937--("quarantine" suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease). Get kids back-to-school ready with Expedition: Learn! "Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine,", Frazier, Robert. Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well, for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks, and strengthen the Soviet Union's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war.[13]. The Truman Doctrine was the foreign policy of the United States from 1947-1953 under President Harry S. Truman following the end of WWII. It dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect, it enabled a media-sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support, and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention.
Truman Doctrine When there was a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and the Soviet Union wanted some control of Turkey's Dardanelles, Truman asked Congress to give $400 million to assist the "free people" in the countries against the "totalitarian" regimes. "Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?". [5], The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money, but no military forces, to the region. ", Ivie, Robert L. "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech. Bærentzen, Lars, John O. Iatrides, and Ole Langwitz. APUSH Lecture Ch. President Harry S. Truman told Congress the Doctrine was "to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Harry S. Truman declaring immediate economic and military aid to the governments of Greece, threatened by communist insurrection, and Turkey, under pressure from Soviet expansion in the Mediterranean area.

[10] Truman was critical of Secretary of State Byrnes, both over being "left in the dark" about the Moscow conference, and that Iran had not been on the agenda. ", People of the American Civil War by state, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Foreign policy doctrines of the United States, History of the foreign relations of the United States, Special Message to Congress on Greece and Turkey, http://www.Trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=2189&st=&st1=, http://books.google.com/books?id=qqDA6OGvhmUC&pg=PA194, http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/1/24.full.pdf, "Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions", http://www.studentpulse.com/articles/672/containment-and-the-cold-war-reexaming-the-doctrine-of-containment-as-a-grand-strategy-driving-us-cold-war-interventions, Truman Comments on Greek Politicking, 1947, Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine?oldid=4472487. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War.He lectured widely and wrote scholarly histories of the … The document differed from Kennan's original notion of containment outlined in the "X" article, containing much harsher anti-Communist rhetoric. May. <, Dennis Merrill, "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity,", ”when ... Stalin objected to Churchill’s proposal for an early allied withdrawal from Iran, that is, ahead of the agreed upon schedule”, set at the earlier. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States. [14] By late 1946 the weakening British economy meant the British could no longer support Greece, and so London asked the U.S. to step in.[15]. To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans, who controlled both houses of Congress. As the Cold War with the Soviet Union (USSR) escalated, the Truman Doctrine was designed to contain the spread of communism and check Soviet advances throughout the world. Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid.

In the second stage of the civil war in December (The Dekemvriana), the British helped prevent the seizure of Athens by the National Liberation Front (EAM), controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party (KKE). Practice: The postwar era, 1945-1950. In 1946-47, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Similarly, if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands, the position of Greece would be endangered. After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece, and following Prime Minister Tsaldaris's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance,[11] the U.S. State Department formulated a plan. Truman Doctrine, pronouncement by U.S. Pres. During that time, Soviet imperialism in Eastern Europe, its delayed withdrawal from Iran, and the breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provide the backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine; the U.S. response has been much debated by historians. 1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism. "[9] On 30 January 1946 the UN Security Council approved Resolution 2 concerning the Soviet withdrawal from Iran; Resolutions 3 and 5 were also approved in April and May. Next lesson. The Cold War 2. At the conclusion of World War II, Stalin demanded partial control of the Dardanelles, a strategic passage between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. [12] That is, it was a regional domino effect threat that guided the American decision. ", Robert L. Ivie, "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech. Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a "rhetorical vision" of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world.
Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). 1950s America. ", Kayaoğlu, Barın.

27 1. Big Stick Policy? Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was necessary to help both equally, even though the threat to Greece was more immediate. ?


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