Circumcision is one of many trials and ceremonies required before a youth is considered to have become knowledgeable enough to maintain and pass on the cultural traditions. The teachings of indigenous religions are typically conveyed by all of the following, Which of the following has been of special value in the new appreciation for and understanding of, a. the study of newly discovered sacred texts, b. the use of electricity and battery power, c. the ready availability of cameras and recorders, The correct answer is: the ready availability of cameras and recorders, Circumcision is a rite often associated with. Pressure to be circumcised is even in the language: one Tagalog word for 'uncircumcised' is supot, meaning 'coward' literally. In the United States, hospital discharge surveys estimated rates at 64.7% in the year 1980, 59.0% in the year 1990, 62.4% in the year 2000, and 58.3% in the year 2010.
In the same chapter, Abraham's descendants are commanded to circumcise their sons on the eighth day of life as part of a covenant with God. [132] About 93% of Filipino men are circumcised. [18] Circumcision does not appear to have a negative impact on sexual function. The practice dates back to the arrival of Islam in 1450. Ethicists and legal theorists also state that it is questionable for parents to make a decision for the child that precludes the child from making a different decision for himself later. On arrival, they are tired (sleep deprivation), malnourished (diet restrictions), dehydrated (fluid restriction): it takes a number of days for them to be able to discuss these things.".
Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. [3] These follow the same basic procedure. For that, he endured public humiliation and even a severe beating a few months ago. [119] They are assisted by a small number of Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis, and have developed a welcoming ceremony that they call the brit shalom ("Covenant [of] Peace") for such children, also accepted by Humanistic Judaism.
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Last week, the Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa, which promotes traditional values, blamed casualties on untrained opportunists seeking to make money from initiates' families, and announced a partnership with the state and medical professionals to educate villagers about safe circumcision. [114], In the Philippines, circumcision known as "tuli" is sometimes viewed as a rite of passage. The foreskin may also be a pathway of infection for certain diseases.
[107][108][109][110] The Male Circumcision Clearinghouse website was formed in 2009 by WHO, UNAIDS, FHI and AVAC to provide current evidence-based guidance, information, and resources to support the delivery of safe male circumcision services in countries that choose to scale up the procedure as one component of comprehensive HIV prevention services. Douglas Gairdner's 1949 article "The Fate of the Foreskin" argued that the evidence available at that time showed that the risks outweighed the known benefits. The narrative in Genesis chapter 17 describes the circumcision of Abraham and his relatives and slaves. [57][58], A UTI affects parts of the urinary system including the urethra, bladder, and kidneys.
Circumcision is practiced by some groups amongst Australian Aboriginal peoples, Polynesians, and Native Americans.
[63] Penile cancer has been observed to be nearly eliminated in populations of males circumcised neonatally. JOHANNESBURG -- The young South African thought he was going to the hills to become a man.
[3] Inadequate pain relief may carry the risks of heightened pain response for newborns. A 2015 meta-analysis found a reduced risk of prostate cancer associated with circumcision in black men. While most infections are asymptomatic and are cleared by the immune system, some types of the virus cause genital warts, and other types, if untreated, cause various forms of cancer, including cervical cancer, and penile cancer. For Muslims, circumcision is also a matter of cleanliness, purification and control over one's baser self (nafs). [12] The International AIDS Society-USA also suggests circumcision be discussed with men who have insertive anal sex with men, especially in regions where HIV is common. [7] In 2007 the WHO and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) recommended circumcision as part of a comprehensive program for prevention of HIV transmission in areas with high endemic rates of HIV, as long as the program includes "informed consent, confidentiality, and absence of coercion". [60], Important risk factors for penile cancer include phimosis and HPV infection, both of which are mitigated by circumcision.
Circumcision is contraindicated in premature infants and those who are not clinically stable and in good health. ", "Male circumcision: a globally relevant but under-utilized method for the prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circumcision&oldid=979518573, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 21 September 2020, at 06:36. Medical organization such as the British Medical Association state that their member physicians are not obliged to perform the procedure in such situations. [17] A 2010 review found circumcisions performed by medical providers to have a typical complication rate of 1.5% for babies and 6% for older children, with few cases of severe complications. d. the return of ancestral spirits to the world. [56], An inflammation of the glans penis and foreskin is called balanoposthitis, and the condition affecting the glans alone is called balanitis. This can be inferred from study results that show uncircumcised men with no history of phimosis are equally likely to have penile cancer as circumcised men. [3] Severe to catastrophic complications, including death, are so rare that they are reported only as individual case reports. [99] The use of circumcision to promote good health also fit in with the germ theory of disease during that time, which saw the foreskin as being filled with infection-causing smegma (a mixture of shed skin cells and oils).
[4] The WHO estimated in 2007 that 664,500,000 males aged 15 and over were circumcised (30–33% global prevalence), almost 70% of whom were Muslim. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. [39][139] In Rwanda, circumcision has been found to be cost-effective across a wide range of age groups from newborn to adult,[48][140] with the greatest savings achieved when the procedure is performed in the newborn period due to the lower cost per procedure and greater timeframe for HIV infection protection. [12], Circumcision is contraindicated in infants with certain genital structure abnormalities, such as a misplaced urethral opening (as in hypospadias and epispadias), curvature of the head of the penis (chordee), or ambiguous genitalia, because the foreskin may be needed for reconstructive surgery. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. [4] Some Christian churches in South Africa disapprove of the practice, while others require it of their members.